James Bond Poster

The poster for the ‘James Bond’ film, ‘From Russia With Love’ instantly creates enigma in several ways for the audience as well as providing several denotations to be explored. Roland Barthes created the idea of semiotics. This is the theory that media texts have signs that convey a meaning to the audience. A sign is something within a text that signifies and constructs a meaning. For example, within the poster, the bottom-left shows two ladies fighting in anger and injuring each other. This connotes action and could signify that there will be several scenes similar to this with other people engaging in conflict. The poster is a drawing rather than being made up of photos. This could suggest that the film is full of fun and action, as the almost cartoon look to the poster supports this. The colour scheme of the poster appears to be black, white and red. These could all connote a variety of meanings. For example, the heavy use of red across the poster could connote violence and action that the film includes. It could also be a reference to the introduction scene to the majority of ‘Bond’ films, where 007 appears in the centre of the frame and shoots towards the camera, where the solid red colour drips down the screen to cover it fully. The use of the colour black could connote stealth and espionage, as ‘James Bond’ is a spy who stays hidden when killing his opponents. 

The close up of ‘Bond’ in the middle of the poster conveys that he is predominantly important within the film and clearly the protagonist. ‘Bond’s clothing within the poster once again suggests that he is a spy and excels in his occupation. The positioning and clothing of the woman in the poster could be seen as demeaning as they are on the side of the poster and not within the centre in terms of the rule of thirds. The women are sexualised as they are shown to be wearing either a small amount of clothing, or that their features are teased. This illustrates the sexist representation of women in the film and also appeals to the male demographic. The fact that this is included in the poster, conveys Bond’s success with women. The font within the poster is sophisticated and creates a formal mode of address. This is in concordance with Bonds smart presentation through his clothing. In the top-left corner of the poster, a helicopter can be seen as well as what looks like a car stuck on a train track. This creates an enigma for the audience as it builds tension, whilst the audience wonder what the consequence could be as well as how that scenario even happened. 

The stars and cast are credited at the bottom of the poster, along a bar. This is effective as it includes those who were responsible for the film without covering the main images of the poster. However, despite this, several names appear across the images. This is to persuade the audience to see the film as they may recognise an actor (in this case Sean Connery) that they may admire or a director. The inclusion of the Soviet Union logo implemented with the stylised 'o' in 'love', presents iconogrophy of Russia - the setting and topic of the film. The tagline of the poster, "James Bond is back!"is impactful. The alliteration of the 'b' sound makes it seem fun and attracts the reader. It is short and persuasive and may convince the audience to go and see the film. Steve Neale's theory of genres is shown within this poster. The theory of action is distinctive as Bond holds a rather large pistol in his hand that fills the middle of the rule of thirds. The genre is very recognisable and stands out. Tzvetan Todorov's theory of narrative can be loosely applied, as the image of Bond holding a pistol implies that he will be shooting and fighting others.

We'll Strike Again Newspaper Article

The newspaper is a tabloid so there is likely to be a less formal mode of address and a less formal lexis. The story in top right corner reinforces this as you see Emma Willis saying she has a job delivering babies. This is not the most important news of the day, or probably not the second most important news story but this is what appeals to the audience of the tabloid and so this is the news that they will put on the front cover in order to draw people in.
The main news story is about air strikes in Syria. Main image shows destruction of the bombs. The newspaper positions the audience in a sympathetic way in order to make people think the strikes were bad. If they wanted to play the other narrative, they would have showed weapons or bases destroyed showing that the strikes were successful, but instead the main image is one of what looks like a house destroyed which gives the impression that  innocent people might have been hurt.
The pictures of the leaders of the countries show the readers where the blame lies for the destruction and almost makes the audience oppose them. The pictures are neutral though so this viewpoint could be challenged though. The simple font of the phrase also shows that the newspaper is not trying to take the reader's attention away from the images and the messages of the story as these are the most important aspects of the article.
The statement at the top of the cover says 'US and allies ready for second blitz on Syria' which shows that the newspaper could believe that the strikes were overkill as they use the word blitz, which means an intensive or sudden military attack. The newspaper thinks that the strikes were prolonged and extensive and that they were maybe uncalled for. this statement puts across their viewpoint on the event. The dull colours in the image also reflect the serious nature of the article as they imply feeling of sadness and remorse.
The article also partly pins the blame on the reader as well, saying 'We'll strike again,' which implies that the reader was involved with the strikes and so the reader partly feels like its their fault and so this again shows the viewpoint of the newspaper again. The exclusive story at the bottom of the paper is also used to draw the audience of the newspaper in as the word 'Exclusive,' makes the reader feel as though they are special and the only ones reading this story. This story is also a very topical subject and so many people will want to read the newspaper.
The images at the bottom of the article are also somewhat unflattering angles and so this portrays them in a negative light which puts across the viewpoint that these leaders are the reason for the strikes and tries to make the reader oppose these people.
The theory of Roland Barthes semiotics can be applied to this cover,  as there are signs on the cover, such as the bland picture of the destroyed house which could be interpreted as the writer implying that the strikes are a negative thing, but it is up to the reader to how to decode the image but the way that the writer wants the reader to is very evident and this is the way that the writer of the article intended the audience to decode the article.

Pegi Ratings in Video Games

Pan European Game Information is a European video game content rating system established to help European consumers make informed decisions when buying video games or apps through the use of age recommendations and content descriptors. It was developed by the Interactive Software Federation of Europe (ISFE) and came into use in April 2003; it replaced many national age rating systems with a single European system. The PEGI system is now used in more than thirty countries and is based on a code of conduct, a set of rules to which every publisher using the PEGI system is contractually committed. PEGI self-regulation is composed by five age categories and eight content descriptors that advise the suitability and content of a game for a certain age range based on the games content. The age rating is not intended to indicate the difficulty of the game or the skill required to play it. Age ratings are systems used to ensure that entertainment content, such as games, but also films, TV shows or mobile apps, is clearly labelled with a minimum age recommendation based on the content they have. These age ratings provide guidance to consumers, parents in particular, to help them decide whether or not to buy a particular product for a child. 

A PEGI 3 game will not contain any inappropriate content, but can sometimes be too difficult to master for younger children. Reversely, there are PEGI 18 games that are very easy to play, yet they contain elements that make them inappropriate for a younger audience. PEGI is used and recognised throughout Europe and has the enthusiastic support of the European Commission. It is considered as a model of European harmonisation in the field of the protection of children.

 Throughout Europe, Pegi is recognised as the standard rating for games, and in certain countries (including the UK and Netherlands) all titles are legally required to display a rating on their packaging. To submit their games for certification, publishers must become a member of the organisation. The first part of the process is an online questionnaire, which seeks to establish the product's content. Developers begin by answering questions relating to 18-rated content: does it contain graphic violence, violence toward innocent bystanders, or violence against vulnerable or defenceless characters? Is there sexual activity which shows genitalia? Is there rape? Is there glamorisation of illegal drugs? If all the responses are negative, the studio moves to the 16-rated questions, where less explicit forms of violence, sexual content or drug use are covered. And so on, down to Pegi 3, effectively the video game equivalent of a U certificate. From here, developers have to send in a working copy of the game (a few bugs doesn't matter, but it has to feature all the content of the final release), as well as representational video footage. The latter must include all the cinematics and cut-scenes as well as what Davies calls, " a decent chunk of gameplay". "If it's something like a port of Street Fighter where the play is identical throughout, you only need 20-30 minutes of video," he says. "But with something like Tomb Raider or Bioshock Infinite, we'll need two or three hours of gameplay footage on top of all the cut-scenes. This will be used in 70-80% of the examination process."

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